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<text id=93HT0320>
<title>
1950s: Flight to the Suburbs
</title>
<history>Time-The Weekly Magazine-1950s Highlights</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
TIME Magazine
March 22, 1954
Flight to the Suburbs: Business Must Follow the Dollar
</hdr>
<body>
<p> The enormous growth of the U.S. population has meant vast
new markets in everything from baby carriages to washing
machines and wrist watches. Will every retailer cash in on the
bonanza? Not at all. The reason is that since 1940, almost half
of the 28 million national population increase has taken place
in residential suburban areas, anywhere from ten to 40 miles
away from traditional big-city shopping centers. Thus, to win
the new customers' dollars, merchants will have to follow the
flight to the suburbs.
</p>
<p> In the ten years from 1940 to 1950, St, Louis' suburbs grew
48% while the city itself added only 6% to its population. In
the same period, Philadelphia's suburbs expanded twice as fast.
Boston's eight times as fast as their already-crowded
metropolitan districts. The numbers tell only part of the story.
Suburbia offers not only more new customers but better
customers. Suburban families are younger and have more children,
thus are potentially bigger spenders than city families. Average
income in the suburbs is estimated at $6,500 a year, fully 70%
higher than that of the average U.S. family.
</p>
<p> The do-it-yourself life in suburbia has also opened up a
vast new market. Power-lawnmower sales, for example, shot from
42,000 (worth $5,000,000) in 1940 to 1,275,000 (worth $144.5
million) in just seven years. Papa, puttering around in the
basement, spent $150 million on power tools in 1953, and a grand
total of nearly $3 billion for all his home carpentry work. Many
big department stores are already taking advantage of suburbia's
cash and energy, stock hundreds of items in suburban branches
that would look out of place in their city stores.
</p>
<p> The huge shopping center, surrounded by wide parking lots,
has done much to build the new markets. There are already 93
such centers around the 20 largest U.S. cities, and at least 25
more on the drawing boards. The investments run high--$20
million at Chicago's Park Forest suburban development, $30
million at San Francisco's Stonetown, $100 million at Los
Angeles' Lakewood. And an increasing number of big city
department and specialty stores, sensing the trend, are building
their own suburban branches.
</p>
<p> The growth of suburbia has changed the pattern of U.S.
retail trade so much that only a relatively few new stores have
gone up in the center of big cities in recent years. Even the
old, established stores are feeling the competition from the
suburbs. In Boston, retail trade increased 275% faster in the
suburbs than in the city in the last two decades, while in
Detroit, the J.L. Hudson Co. expects to lose fully 15% of its
business to its new store in its suburban shopping center. To
combat such losses, downtown businessmen are offering special
lures to shoppers. They hand out cut-rate bus and streetcar
tokens, even carry suburbanites to and fro in special buses.
</p>
<p> The shifting pattern of trade has brought new problems to
big cities, not only for businessmen but for city officials. As
trade suffers, the city become relatively more expensive to run
efficiently. New York City alone has lost 500,000 upper- and
middle-income-bracket families to the suburbs since 1943; those
who remain are poorer, less able to pay taxes for expensive city
services. Lower tax returns, in turn, mean more crowding and
more slums. Says Detroit City Planner Paul Reid: "Newcomers,
for the most part, are in the lower economic level. As they
settle in the city, others who have attained medium or high wage
levels move out." Furthermore, those moving to the suburbs are
often among the most civic-minded citizens; thus the cities lose
leadership as well as customers.
</p>
<p> Today, the flight to the country has reached the point
where some suburbs themselves are getting crowded. Taxes climb
as new schools go up; roads must be paved, police and fire
departments organized. Because most suburbs have little
industry, the homeowners themselves must carry most of the load.
But now industry is seeking the country too, looking for large
tracts of open land to build efficient one-story plants. Of
2,658 plants built in the New York area from 1946 to 1951, only
593 went up in the city proper. The great stores, factories, and
office buildings are actually changing some suburbs into cities
and giving the erstwhile country dwellers a second taste of the
city life with all the familiar problems of heavy traffic,
congestion, even slums.
</p>
<p> There is little doubt that the move to the suburbs will
continue. As today's suburbs fill up, the migrants to greenery
and fresh air will move farther out, spawning a new boom in home
swimming pools, tree nurseries, basement carpentry and dozens
of other businesses.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>